The Effects of Violence on Women Essay - 1662 Words

The Effects of Violence on Women Violence affects the lives of millions of women worldwide, in developing, as well as in developed countries. It cuts across cultural and religious barriers, restricting women from fully participating in society. Violence against women has many forms in which it comes in, from domestic abuse and rape to child marriages and female circumcision. All are violations of the most fundamental human rights. Violence can be physical, sexual, verbal/psychological, stalking, as well as other forms of control and abuse of power. Physical violence can include both physical assaults, which refers to the physical†¦show more content†¦Verbal/psychological violence is a form of violence done without touching the victim’s body. The assaults are made viciously on the victim by destroying personal belongings, family heirlooms, or the family pet. The destruction is done on purpose and the psychological impact may be as devastating as a physical attack. Many of the assaults are forms controlling behaviours. One of the most common examples of psychological violence against women is intimate partner psychological abuse. Some examples of psychological/verbal violence done by intimate partners, especially in the developing countries, are restictions or attempts to prevent contact with other men by becoming angry if girfriend/wife speaks with other men, not being supportive if she tries to be involved in activites outside the home, attempts to limit her contact with family or friends, following her or keeping track of her whereabouts, calling her names, insulting her or behaving in a way to put her down or to make her feel bad, and damages or destroys her possenssions or property. (http://www.now.org/issues/violence/stats.html) Sexual violence is defined by anything that is related to physical attacks or abuse such as rape, attemptedShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Violence On Women s Violence1735 Words   |  7 Pages Effects of Violence against Women According to Violence Type by Ines Alvarez Mrs. Madrell English 4, Honors, Period 6 Miami Coral Park Senior High School March 18,2016 Mrs. Madrell English 4, Honors, Period 6 Miami Coral Park Senior High School March 18,2016 Violence against Women Women have been and continue to be victims of violence in all of its faces. The purpose of this research is to explore the many ways in which women are abused and mistreated, focusing on theRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Women1652 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic violence is present in all regions of the world regardless of race, culture, or religion. It is not uncommon for men to experience spousal abuse. However, in reality abuse done by men towards women is a much more common occurrence. Men often abuse women as a result of negative domestic relationships experienced during childhood, the feeling of inadequacy and mental illness. However, the leading cause for this behaviour is the feeling of inferiority and the need to exert power. StereotypicallyRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Women Essay1246 Words   |  5 Pagesaddressed the domestic violence and continue to persist as a social problem affecting a large number of Canadian Women. The authors are trying to answer this question giving some statistics, how the women are abused from their partner, such as the violence reported when the relationship is ended, and is some other case the violence starts after the separation. Furth more the authors mention another key answer that I think could be a question, is what are the effects of domestic violence? Alaggia, RegehrRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Women1362 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic violence is a sensitive topic even though media and society are providing more information about this topic. Domestic violence not only affects women but children and family in general. This issue is a very sensitive topic and not a lot of individuals are comfortable talking about it or sharing if they have either experience or have someone in their lives that had been subjected to abuse. Sadly, domestic violence is experienced by many people and it does not matter what race, gender, socialRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Women1654 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Violence against women has been recognised internationally by the world Health Organization (WHO, 2013).Women has been facing different types of violence since the age of 15 such as physical, emotional or verbal abuse. The highest prevalence of domestic violence (DV) is from their intimate partner/perpetrator both physical emotional (WHO, 2013). It has been depicted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS, 2013) that rate of domestic violence against women by their intimateRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Women1601 Words   |  7 Pagesquestions that women who suffer from domestic violence ask themselves everyday. Thousands of women every year face abuse from their male partners. It is estimated that three women a day are murdered in the US everyday by a current or past male partner (Huffington Post), therefore proving that an argument between two people in love can result in more than just heartbreak. Partner abuse against women is an epidemic that needs to be addressed. Domestic violence is a very serious issue that women face in modernRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Women1599 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic violence is a large social issue around the world that is commonly associated with the mistreatment of women. However, there are many different forms of domestic violence that affect men, women, and children (Domestic Violence 1). Victims of domestic violence may suffer not only physically, but emotionally and mentally as well. Domestic violence is a very important social issue because it negatively affects both the abuser and the victim. In the article, â€Å"Domestic Violence and Abuse: TypesRead MoreThe Effects Of Violence On Hispanic Women Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic that will be analyzed in this literature review is relationship violence in Hispanics. Specifically, it will be physical and sexual abuse in intimate partners. It is mentioned that Hispanic women are less likely to report or use services available to anybody. The services that are available to them are healthcare and housing. As well as, therapy of any type. Also, Hispanic women are less likely to report abuse (Cho 2012). The reasons for not reporting abuse can vary depending on the legalRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Women2258 Words   |  10 Pagespossible effects of witnessing domestic violence as a child. Use psychological theory to explain your answer. Research has continuously shown that men are the primary perpetrators of violence and women being the victims which has led to increased awareness of the effects of Domestic violence on women. However, what researchers have failed to acknowledge is that women too can be perpetrators of violence and abuse against their partners and children (World Health Organisation, 2012). Although women canRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Women889 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic violence can often go unnoticed, unreported and undeterred before it’s too late. Unfortunately, recent awareness efforts have gathered traction only when public outcry for high profile cases are magnified through the media. Despite this post-measured reality, a general response to domestic violence (DV) and intimate partner violence (IPV) by the majority of the public is in line with what most consider unacceptable and also with what the law considers legally wrong. Consider by many, more

Inaugural Speech Free Essays

string(47) " politicians communicate much more than words\." Comparative Analysis of Language Used in Inaugural Speech of Barack Obama and Abhisit Vejjajiva Presented to A. Kemtong Sinwongsuwat Mr. Steffen Ruholl By NattawanTrakarnmethakulID. We will write a custom essay sample on Inaugural Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5011110059 NihaslindaHayiwangohID. 5011110096 NetsaiNetpukkanaID. 5011110099 SaowalakPolthiangID. 5011110220 HongphaSaejiaID. 5011110223 ArpornSazakhunID. 5011110244 Section. 02 Language for Development Program, Faculty of Liberal Arts 1. Introduction 2. Research questions 1. Are there differences and similarities between verbal and nonverbal language used in the inaugural speeches of Barack Obamaa and Abhisit Vejjajiva? . Are there any catch phrases found in the inaugural speeches of Barack Obama and Abhisit Vejjajiva? 3. Purposes of the study 1. To examine differences and similarities between verbal and nonverbal language used in the inaugural speeches of Barack Obamaa and Abhisit Vejjajiva. 2. To compare catch phrases found in inaugural speeches of Barack Obama and Abhisit Vejjajiva. 4. Literature Review Language is very important for politics. Political power struggles have effects on the working inside governments. Moreover, it is an important aspect of socialization into governmental works. Political language, as Michael Geis points out in The Language of Politics, conveys both the linguistic meaning of what is said and the corpus, or a part of it, of the political beliefs underpinning any given statement. Literature reviews that relate in this research are divided into four main sections: 4. 1Profile of Barack Obama and Abhisit Vejjajiva 4. 2Literature review about verbal language 4. 3Literature review about non-verbal language 4. 4Related Research about political language 4. 1Barack Obama and Abhisit Vejjajiva Barack Hussein Obama is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. He previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008. A native of Honolulu, Hawaii, he is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004.He served three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004. Following an unsuccessful bid against a Democratic incumbent for a seat in the U. S. House of Representatives in 2000, he ran for United States Senate in 2004. In the 2008 general election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. (Wikipedia 2010) Abhisit Vejjajiva, Thailand’s newly named prime minister, comes to the office with both youth and good looks on his side but daunting political and economic challenges ahead of him. He is definitely not from the hoi polloi.He was born on August 3, 1964, in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, to Athasit and Sodsai Vejjajiva, both medical professors. He returned to England for his college studies, first attending Eton College and then Oxford University, where he got a bachelor’s degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. At 44, He will be Thailand’s youngest elected prime minister after Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej endorses his selection by Parliament in a 235-198 vote on Monday. Thai strongman Field Marshal Pibul Songkram was younger, only 41, when he became prime minister in 1938, but he came to power in a military coup.His youth and good looks have made him a popular candidate, especially among the ladies, in the capital where he was re-elected in the 1995, 1996, 2001, 2005 and 2007 polls. He became Democrat leader in 2005. His spoken English puts many native English speakers to shame, and helped win him the posts of Democrat spokesman and then government spokesman, before taking on various ministerial portfolios including minister to the Prime Minister’s Office under former Democrat premier Chuan Leekpai.And there is the economy, which faces the dual challenges of dealing with the financial meltdown and recessions in the developed economies such as the US, EU and Japan, compounded with falling confidence in Thailand after of months of political instability. 2. Verbal Language Figurative languages play an important role in political language. Many politicians use them for their political speeches that will be better appreciated. Figurative languages are words or expressions that differ from the customary everyday conversational use of such expressions for purpose of assigning them a special meaning.We should thereby understand them with their connotative meanings rather than their denotative meanings. Awonusi (in Essien and Okon 2003) argues, â€Å"figures of speech are used as rhetorical devices especially when politicians are confronted with abstract concepts which are difficult to explain for the easy understanding of the layman. † The figures of speech that will be discussed in this section are metaphor and idiom. 1. Metaphor This figure of speech expresses an idea through the image of another object. Metaphors suggest the essence of the first object by identifying it with certain qualities of the second object.An example of metaphor used in the language of political campaign is presented below: â€Å"Smart Guy. He couldn’t take the heat. So, he stayed out of the kitchen† (Sunday Sun, March 16, 2007: 12). In the extract above, the politicians compared what Senator Obanikoro would have faced if he had attended the public debate to the heat that came from the kitchen. 2. Idioms Idioms are phrasal constructions or verbal expressions closely associated with a given language. Africans, especially Nigerians, enjoy the use of idioms in every day speech.Consider the following examples: – He who pays the Piper dictates the tunes. Ekiti, beware! The devourers are here again. (Friday Punch, April 16, 2007: 18) The italicized parts of the extracts above are good examples of idioms used by politicians during political campaign as a way of giving extra meaning to an utterance. 4. 3Non-verbal Language Language used in political language not only verbal language but non – language also used in because the ability to use nonverbal communication is powerful tools that will help politicians connect with their people. Therefore, politicians communicate much more than words. You read "Inaugural Speech" in category "Papers" There are many different types of nonverbal communication. Good communication is the foundation of successful relationships, both personally and professionally, but we communicate with much more than words. The majority of our communication is nonverbal. Nonverbal communication, or body language, includes facial expressions; continually change during interaction and are monitored constantly by the recipient, and there is evidence that the meaning of these expressions may be similar across cultures.Gestures; are woven into the fabric of our daily lives, and use the hands when we’re arguing or speaking animatedly. Eye contact; is also important in maintaining the flow of conversation and for gauging the other person’s response. Posture; the way you move and carry yourself communicates a wealth of information to the world. The tone of our voice; provide subtle but powerful clues into our true feeling and what we really mean. The ability to understand and use nonverbal communication is powerful tools that will help you connect with others, express what you really mean, navigate challenging situations, and build better relationships. Jeanne Segal, 2009) In inaugural address of Obama, he was expert at using eye contact to draw in millions and tone of voice to drive home points. The words he used were essential to his message, but his nonverbal behaviors were just as important, if not more so, in getting his message across. Research shows nonverbal communication conveys as much as 93% of the emotional meaning behind what is said. People respond strongly to what they see, or to the tone of voice that is used to speak the words they hear. Everything from dress, the amount of physical space between the speaker and audience can make or break a leader’s message. (William A. Gentry, Ph. D. , 2009) 4. 4Political Language The employment of language to sanctify action is exactly what makes politics different from other methods of allocating values† (114). Edelman examines the relationship between language and perception and defines what he believes to be the forms and meanings of political language. Through language, larger ideas are turned into frequently used terms such as â€Å"liberty†, â€Å"freedom†, and â€Å"social welfare† (p. 22). Language allows terms to be used by those in leadership capacities and turn these terms like segregation and turn a simple world into a vehicle for expression a group interest (p. 125). The language that a person with political power uses symbolizes how they are viewed by the public that listens to them (p. 160). He identifies four styles of language: hortatory, legal, administrative, and bargaining (p. 133). These styles of language he argues allow language to be an important symbol in American politics. (Edelman, M. , 1964)A Critical Analysis of Barack Obama’s Speeches that Junling can summarize the features of Barack Obama’s speeches as follow. First, he used more simple words and short sentences instead of difficult ones. His language is easy and colloquial. Thus, it can easily shorten the distance between him and the audience. Second, from this process of Obama speeches, Obama showed what the government has achieved, what they are doing, what they will do, and applying transitivity. His speeches are trying to arouse the American people’s confidence toward the president and his government in the following four years.Third, modality refers to a speaker’s attitudes towards or opinion about the truth of a proposition expressed by a sentence. He made his audience more easily to understand and accept his political speeches by means of modal verbs, tense and first person pronouns. He used simple present tense to present the domestic and worldwide situations ranging from political, economic and cultural fields at present. Then depending on simple future tense, he laid out his following reforms and steps taken in his term. In this way, the government’s objectives are shown and at the same time, the audience’s confidence is built. Moreover, by using first person pronouns and religious belief, he successfully shortened the distance between him and the audience. So it can help him persuade the public to accept and support his policies. (Junling Wang, 2010) The data collected from an ousted Thailand tycoon-cum-Prime Minister, Mr. Thaksin Shinnawattra’s talks on his weekly radio program. Nipa studies with society with social phenomena of Thaksin’s policy that say â€Å"poverty† has to be urgently evaporated from Thai society with in six years. It shows that this creates new frame of thought to the Thai people.The study demonstrates that the power of discourse and the mechanism in human mind/brain and social practice in the given society. This study found that PM Thaksin employs strategies of discourse signification and discourse manipulation through five-transmission discourse at the level of people’s cognitive system and at the level of language with lexical choices and various strategies. (Nipa Geerapatr, 2010) Gusseva V. V. (2008) examined the publicist style on Barack Obama’s Nobel Peace Prize Speech. He can analyze them and try to describe the phonetic portrait of Barack Obama.He taken a sample speech of Barrack and conducted a mini-research, and he used a computer program for acoustic analysis. He found that all the prosodic peculiarities of publicistic style may be found in Graph B Obama’s speech; dignified timbre, proper delimitation, varying loudness and pitch levels and ranges, pauses explicable in semantic and syntactic terms. Hence, a properly organized rhythm, appropriate terminal tones and pre-nuclear patterns are used, the contrast between accented and unaccented segments is not great, the kinesic component is present – Obama makes use of various gestures. . Pauses between phrases and intonation groups within phonopassages are extraordinary long (up to 2. 2 seconds). 2. The predominance of falling terminal tones (19 cases within a 2-minute passage). 3. The abundance of pauses and terminal tones creates a special rhythm of speech (Arguments combined with this rhythm sound a way stronger). 4. Obama’s spirit and personal involvement expressed verbally are confirmed by his gestures: firm, convincing, encouraging. 5. Research Methodology 5. 1Data CollectionSeveral methods are used in this research in order to obtain the desired data to answer the research questions. The data will be analyzed by focusing merely on the speech the American president Barack Obama gave in his inaugural address before the Capital Rotunda in Washington on January 20, 2009 and Thai Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva gave in his inaugural address at Democracy Party Office in Bangkok on December 17, 2009. Speech texts and videos of the inaugural speeches will be used as main instruments to study in the research. (1) Speech Texts A transcribed inaugural speech of Barack Obama, from http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2009/01/20/president-obamas-inaugura_n_159370. html – A transcribed inaugural speech of Abhisit Vejjajiva, from http://pizzicatoj. exteen. com/20081218/entry (2) Videos – Videos inaugural speech of Barack Obama, from http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=DEGd75awApM and http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=MjUTymL1T5s;feature=related – Videos inaugural speech of Abhisit Vejjajiva, from http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=eiSdgPw9v8w and http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=1KWNvjcsmpU;feature=related . 2Data Analysis For doing analysis, inaugural speeches will be divided into three sections: verbal language, non-verbal language and structure organization of the speeches. (1) Verbal Language Firstly, reading speech texts to observe verbal language that found in Barack Obama and Abhisit Vejjajiva’s inaugural speeches. In this method, verbal language will be classified into four categories: 1) Figurative Language This is a way of saying something other than the literal meaning of the words. There are many kinds of figurative language, such as irony, simile, paradox etc.However, in this research will focus merely on metaphor and idiom. 2) Language Feature (Structures, Personal Pronouns) We will focus language feature about structures and personal pronouns. For example, we will interest in how different speech make use of â€Å"I† and â€Å"me† versus â€Å"we† and â€Å"us†. 3) Genre Construction of Speech (Reporting, Problem, Expected, Indirect Question) For example, search for a construction of the speech, such as â€Å"We will†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"We can†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"We must†¦Ã¢â‚¬  4) Catch Phrases To examine catch phrases, the inaugural speeches will be read and ideos will be watched to acquire the understanding the plot all the speeches to find their catch phrases. (2) Non-verbal Language Then videos of the speeches of Barack Obama and Abhisit Vejjajiva on inaugural day will be watched for several times to attain the meaning of non-verbal language describing through: 1) Body language 2) Facial expression 3) Eye contact. (3) Structure Organization of the Speeches Finally, the inaugural speeches will be discovered how differences or similarities between them. To analyze the differences and similarities of the speeches, they will be compared in terms of: 1) Introduction ) Body3) Conclusion. 5. 3Interpretation In the inaugural speech of Barack Obama, non-verbal language and catch phrase are used apparently. On the other hand, Abhisit vejjajiva make his inaugural speech emphasizing on verbal language. Expected Result We can get the structure of language and dominant feature of language use that show in inaugural oration to be the way of development of using language including reading, writing and speaking until fundamental level of using language to high level of using language. 6. Timeline Time |Milestone | |Nov 1,2010 |Observation | | |Listening and watching the videos of inaugural speeches and | | |reading the speech texts for divide it in three parts: verbal | | |language, non-verbal language, and catch phrase. |Dec 1,2010 |Data Collection | | |To collect data from 3 parts: | | |First, verbal language is collected from reading speech texts. | | |Second, non-verbal language is collected from watching videos. | |Last, catch phrases are collected from watching videos and | | |reading speech texts. | |Jan 1,2011 |Data Analysis | | |Analysis data in four main sections: first section, analysis | | |verbal language. How to cite Inaugural Speech, Papers

Oleg Vladmirovich Penkovsky Essay Example For Students

Oleg Vladmirovich Penkovsky Essay Oleg Vladmirovich Penkovsky Glenn HardingColonel Oleg Vladmirovich PenkovskyColonel Oleg Vladmirovich Penkovsky is a name that doesnt ring a bell for most people.However, for many in the intelligence community this name is as about household as you can get.He is a legend in his own right.Those who lived during and through the Cuban missile crisis actually benefited from this mans activities.Colonel Penkovsky was a joint spy for the United States and England.He is often thought of as the highest ranking, most damaging person to spy on the Soviet Union.While most everybody is thankful for the information he provided there are questions to be brought to light.For example, why did such a devoted officer turn on his own country and spy for the west?What were the motives to keep him doing such a thing?To try to answer these various and complex inquiries one must start at the beginning. Oleg Penkovsky was born in a small town on the 23rd of April in 1919.By 1939 he had graduated from a Soviet military school and had been part of a group called Komosomol, meaning young communists.He also went to war serving as a unit commander of an artillery unit. Penkovsky was decorated four times during his 1939-1940 tour of duty.After that tour he was injured and spent most of his time doing various assignments that took him between Moscow and the Ukrainian front for the rest of the Second World War. When the war was over, Penkovsky attended two military academies.One of the academies was the Frunze Military Academy and the other was the Military Diplomatic Academy.By 1950 he had married a woman who was the daughter of a fairly important general in the Soviet army.At this time he was also promoted to the rank of Colonel and was a member of the Soviet military intelligence agency, also known as the GRU.He was given various foreign assignments, Ankara, Turkey being the last locatio n of these assignments (Richelson 274). While in Turkey Penkovsky was noticed by the British intelligence agency known as Military Intelligence department 6 (MI6), more precisely a man named Greville Maynard Wynne.Wynne felt that they could possibly use Penkovsky since he showed dissatisfaction in the Soviet Unions communist system of government (Volkman, Warriors 98).When Penkovsky returned to Moscow in 1956 his military career came to a screeching halt.By 1960 he had had enough and decided to take matters into his own hands (Richelson 275). On August 12, 1960, Colonel Oleg Penkovsky approached two Americans on a bridge.The two Americans were Elden Ray Cox and Henry Lee Cobb (Shecter, Deriabin 5). The two men were unsure about Penkovskys motives since they had been warned about how the KGB (Soviet intelligence agency) tried to entrap people for spying (Volkman, Spies 23). Cox decided to go to the U.S. embassy where the diplomat on duty looked at the information Penkovsky had handed over.There was a letter written by Penkovsky indicating his desire to provide the U.S. with vital information.The second item was a detailed description of how the CIA could contact him (Volkman, Spies 23).The information was dismissed as purely provocation from the KGB.This was believed to be the case on more than one occasion.He had tried to get the Canadian embassy as well as the U.S. embassy to listen to him.They were suspicious because of his impeccable record and he was too obvious about offering his services (Pincher, Too Secret 264).He did not fit the profile of a traitor.Eventually, England took notice of Colonel Penkovsky and felt that he was genuine.The CIA decided to join Englands secret service in a joint venture and see if Penkovsky was genuine. It was the before mentioned Greville Maynard Wynne who finally contacted Penkovsky.Greville Wynne was a businessman who was trying to make a business arrangement with the Soviet Union.He represented several companies involved in the steel and electrical machine making industry.Wynne was also a secret agent of the SIS (Secret Intelligence Service for England).More accurately he worked in the MI6 (Richelson 275).Secretly, Wynne had been conducting one of the most successful covert operations against the Soviet Union (Volkman, Warriors 99).Wynne set up a delegation from the Soviet Union to come to London to learn more about some of the companies he represented.Penkovsky was in this delegation that was bound for London (Richelson 276).Once in England, the delegation was kept busy by a rigorous schedule to tour several plants.While this was transpiring, Colonel Penkovsky was unloading vast amounts of information including 78 pages of confidential material (Richelson 275).Examples of the information include missile technology, construction areas, launch sites, and even information on GRU operatives stationed around the world (Volkman, Warriors 102). Initially the CIA and the SIS were both awestruck and suspicious of the information that they received.There were some who felt that Penkovsky knew too much and acquired information to effortlessly to be legitimate (Knightly 320).Eventually, Many of the doubts but not all about his bona fides faded in the light of one intelligence maxim.That maxim or fact was that he had to be a genuine based on the information he was providing.It was inconceivable that the Soviets would willingly give up this kind of delicate information just to get a plant in place.Eventually most everyone accepted Penkovsky as genuine because of this very fact (Knightly 320). For approximately three years Colonel Penkovsky provided some of the Soviet Unions most sensitive military secrets using a Minox camera (Costello 581).The camera used microfilm, which he would give to the west to decipher. At the debriefings Penkovsky provided the United States and England with over 140 hours of taped debriefing, roughly 1200 pages of transcripts from the debriefings, and at least 11 roles of microfilm.This operation produced approximately 10,000 pages of intelligence information (Richelson 278).Later on, the CIA produced the Penkovskys memoirs from these debriefing tapes (Pincher, Traitors 221). Hate Crimes EssayThere is much speculation about the motives that led Colonel Penkovsky to live the life he chose.One such theory is that Penkovsky was a KGB plant to serve the Soviets by providing the west with disinformation. By doing so would confuse both the United States and England.The disinformation would provide a sense of false trust in each countries own intelligence agencies.If the theory is correct, it can be used to explain a couple of issues.One issue is the fact that when Kennedy demanded that the Soviets pull out of Cuba, Kennedy also agreed not to invade Cuba.In the long run this agreement turns out to be more advantageous to the Soviets as well as Cuba.Even today Cuba is strategically important.Since Cuba is a communist nation they provided the Soviets a thorn in the side of the United States.Secondly, the disinformation may have possibly propagated the feeling that the United States had superiority in ICBM technology and numbers.This feeling may have proved false when the United States admitted to being behind in both of these two areas.These facts would seem to support this theory(Pincher 266).However these facts can possibly have other explanations. Kennedy may have agreed to not attacking Cuba to make it easier for Krushchev to back down with out looking weak.This would explain why Kennedy agreed to this condition. As for the United States being behind the Soviets in ICBM development, that could be explained as only a recent development.While the United States agreed to arms reductions the Soviets could have continued building up and surpassed the United States in numbers and technology. A second theory is that the Soviets provided Penkovsky in order to draw out an English spy with which the Soviets could bargain for the freedom of a well-known Russian spy.That spy was Gordon Lonsdale also known as Conon Molody.Lonsdale was a valuable agent with which the Soviets were pleased.They were willing to exchange a less important spy (Wynne) for Lonsdale.Greville Wynne had been imprisoned in the Soviet Union and was indeed traded in return for Gordon Lonsdale.This theory seems unlikely, since it would appear that the Soviets went through a lot of effort to convince the United States and England just to get an agent to trade.The Soviets would not give up that much valuable information just for the sake of one man (Knightly 315). Further speculation brings another idea to light.The idea that Penkovsky was a mere pawn in a game of high stakes diplomacy where the loser was Penkovsky.There may have been high-ranking Soviet officials that did not agree with Krushchev and all his boasting.They may have felt that he was leading them towards nuclear war with the United States.These same individuals could have made it easier for Penkovsky to get access to this information and allowed it to make it to the west where it could be used effectively.It would be a way for some in the Soviet government to pass the message to the United States that they did not want nuclear war and at the same time illustrate to not be united behind their leader, Nikita Krushchev (Knightly 325).Facts supporting this theory include the time at which Penkovsky was arrested, at the climax of the Cuban missile crisis.This could have been to give final proof that Penkovsky was real.Another supporting piece of information is the kind of information was both timely and the exact kind needed.A third point of evidence is in 1971 Richard Helms who was the director of the CIA at the time made a statement indicating that there were several persons in the Soviet government aided the Americans during the Cuban missile crisis (Knightly 326, 327).In this instance it purports that the information was indeed genuine and in a different sense, Penkovsky was real. The facts are simply this.Penkovsky volunteered himself as an MI6 mole with U.S. cooperation (Volkman, Warriors 209).He provided the west with vital information.Penkovsky fell under KGB suspicion and was soon after caught, arrested, tried, and convicted (Lloyd 106).He was then subsequently sentenced to die for treason against the Soviet Union.The theories presented are merely circumstantial, but the prevailing theory is that Penkovsky was most likely being used by a faction in the Soviet government to get a message to the west to prevent a nuclear war (Knightly 326).Even in light of all these facts, it does not in the least detract from the fact that Colonel Oleg Penkovsky was a truly brave man.Even if unwittingly used as some pawn, it was still Penkovsky, who took the risk to inform the United States as well as England of the vital information he had. As a mole behind the Iron Curtain he did this for a cause he deemed just and right.The outcome of this brave mans decision quite poss ibly saved millions upon millions of lives.He paid the ultimate price for this, his life.Colonel Oleg Vladmirovich Penkovsky was a true hero.